Policy paralysis a horror show

Financial Review

PUBLISHED: 09 Jun 2012

Anna Bernasek 

Conservatives in the United States have argued for years that the government should get out of the business of managing the economy. A prominent Republican presidential candidate even wrote a book in 2009 entitled End the Fed. Now it looks like conservatives have gotten their way.

The signs couldn’t be any clearer that the US economy is slowing to a crawl. A mere 69,000 jobs were created in May with monthly jobs growth averaging only 96,000 in the past three months. At that rate, employment growth is too weak to keep up with population growth. Economic growth was also revised down in the first quarter to an annual rate of 1.9 per cent.

What’s more, the European crisis and incipient recession combined with the slowdown in China and India are all but certain to weigh on the US economy. Chief executives here express their concern about the outlook and some say they are putting hiring and investment plans on hold.

At best, the US economy is going nowhere. Yet policymakers have indicated they won’t do anything unless it gets a lot worse. Does that surprise you? It should. Until recently American policy was to make pre-emptive corrections when needed to fight a potential downturn or unwelcome change in inflation before it took hold.

But now, even as it’s readily apparent that we’re facing a major global downside risk, policymakers have painted themselves into a corner. On both the fiscal and monetary policy front, decision makers have effectively tied their own hands. Willingly or not, we have embarked on an historic experiment in laissez-faire economics.

Take a look at what’s happening at America’s deeply divided Fed. This week, several top officials spoke publicly about their positions. James Bullard, president of the St Louis Federal Reserve Bank, and Richard Fisher, president of the Dallas Fed dismissed the need for greater economic stimulus.

“The outlook for 2012 has not changed significantly so far,” Bullard said at a conference. “A change in US monetary policy at this juncture will not alter the situation in Europe.” And Fisher remarked: “Short of an implosion, I cannot support further quantitative easing.”

On the other hand, Charles Evans, the President of the Chicago Fed said this week: “We should be providing more accommodation.”

The problem for the Fed though is that with interest rates already as low as they can go, its main policy instrument, official interest rates, is simply not available or effective. While official rates are close to zero, the yield on 10-year Treasury bills fell to a record low of 1.44 per cent after May’s disappointing jobs numbers were released.

About the best the Fed can do is keep official rates near zero. But it’s already done that, promising rates will stay where they are until 2014.

What about quantitative easing? Much has been made about it as a radical way to stimulate the economy. The problem is that even if QE drives market rates lower, unless lots of borrowing ensues, the Fed hasn’t done a thing except energise its critics. That’s the thing about a liquidity trap. Policies that drive rates down ever lower lose their effectiveness.

There’s another thing the Fed can do. It could nudge up inflation expectations. But a deep ideological chasm divides not only politicians but American economists. There’s no sign – at all – of a purposeful increase in inflation.

So with the Fed effectively out of commission, that leaves things up to Congress and the President. Which isn’t much help because each party is hoping to gain in November’s election. Neither Democrats nor Republicans look to compromise now and potentially lose support from their base. Short of a full-blown financial crisis, don’t expect action from Washington.

Even worse, profound divisions in Europe have created a similar paralysis. That means the major chunk of the developed world is sitting on its hands at a time when prudence counsels action.

Welcome to a world we thought was a thing of the past. Forget about managing the global economy this year. It’s both terrible and fascinating to watch.

The analyst who's rarely wrong

Financial Review

 
PUBLISHED: 02 Jun 2012

Anna Bernasek

The most influential economist in America isn’t Fed chairman Ben Bernanke, or Alan Krueger on President Barack Obama’s staff. It’s a newspaper columnist named Paul Krugman.

Writing twice weekly for The New York Times, Krugman is without peer as a popular analyst of economic and fiscal matters. It’s not luck, of course. Krugman has enviable credentials, including a prestigious chair at Princeton and a not-yet-dusty Nobel Prize. But those credentials aren’t what make him unique.

Krugman’s widespread influence comes from just how well he’s been doing his job. Since he started writing for a general readership in the 1990s, Krugman has forcefully taken each of the Clinton, Bush and Obama administrations to task on economic policy matters. And, as one observer put it, his record has been “uncannily right”.

With the release of his latest book, End This Depression Now!, Krugman has launched an all-out attack against fiscal austerity and inserted himself in the middle of a battle for the future prosperity of the US and Europe.

Typically caricatured as an “arch-liberal” by political and academic opponents, when read fairly Krugman has been a moderate but fearless critic of politicians and policymakers of all stripes. He leaped to national prominence in the run-up to the 2000 election, laying bare the intellectual void behind then candidate George W. Bush’s economic plans.

Since filing his first Times column in 2000, Krugman has hammered away at Bush’s war-mongering, tax cuts and fiscal profligacy, and more recently at President Obama’s triangulations to appease a divided electorate.

And he hasn’t been shy about criticising the Fed under Alan Greenspan or Bernanke (a friend and fellow Princetonian).

Putting his analysis above personal loyalties has earned him a reputation as a polarising figure and making him a lightning rod for public opinion. To a degree usually reserved for the politically powerful, one either loves Krugman him or hates him. There’s not much middle ground.

But to the dismay of his many critics, the columnist’s record has become pretty impressive. In 12 years of writing two columns a week plus books and blog posts, virtually everything Krugman says has been dissected and debated. In all that time mistakes and wrong calls have been few.

More important, he’s been dead right on the most critical issues. The Bush economic plan did turn out to be intellectually bankrupt; his tax cuts did turn out to be irresponsible and corrosive. And Obama’s stimulus did turn out to be too small.

It’s not unusual to hear fellow economists remark that they started out disagreeing with Krugman on one issue or another, only to grudgingly admit he was right later on.

So what is Krugman saying now?

As a specialist on global trade and currencies, his opinion on the European Union and the euro was sought from the start.

And he has not been optimistic about the future of the euro. He consistently warned that a common currency among such diverse countries, without a strong political union, would eventually self-destruct.

In Krugman’s view the only way to save the euro (he thinks it’s already too late to save Greece) is to raise inflation targets and stimulate growth through spending. And he believes Germany needs to take on a bit of inflation and spend more.

While Germany still seems a long way off accepting that proposition, international opinion seems to be shifting Krugman’s way. The IMF, some G8 leaders and the OECD have quietly dropped their austerity language and called on Europe to adopt policies promoting growth, rather than retrenchment.

In the US, Krugman argues that years of slow growth and stubbornly high unemployment are completely unnecessary. All it would take is for the government to start spending again.

He identifies several areas where spending and the boost to the economy would be quick and provide long-lasting benefits: rehire millions of teachers who have been laid off across the country, invest in road, rail and water infrastructure, and provide real relief for homeowners saddled with bloated mortgages.

The trouble Krugman runs into is that, while in the long run it’s in the interest of us all to promote growth, in the short run potent interests are determined to preserve the status quo.

Despite his persuasive arguments, there’s still a big hill to climb politically. But judging from Krugman’s record, it won’t turn out well for those who ignore him.

Red faces in the aftermath of Facebook fallacies

Financial Review

PUBLISHED: 26 May 2012 

Anna Bernasek 

Facebook’s 19 per cent share price decline in its first two days of trading as a public company came as a shocker. Disappointed investors issued recriminations, while rivals and analysts offered criticism aplenty. One regulator after another wants to examine the IPO, while the professionally aggrieved have predictably filed lawsuits against the company and its underwriters.

But since when is an IPO a guarantee of a stock price gain? Wasn’t the whole point of a public share listing to allow the market to set its price?

For Facebook, the market has spoken. At least for now the value of Facebook seems to be closer to $32 a share than the initial offer price of $38.

There’s an art to pricing an IPO, particularly for a speculative technology play lacking a steady track record of fundamentals. In Facebook’s case, it looks like the lead underwriter, Morgan Stanley, missed the mark.

Set too low a price and the company feels cheated. Reach too high and investors feel duped. The sweet spot would have been about 10 per cent below the first day’s close, affording a tidy but not outlandish initial gain.

There was little sign of weakness leading up to the IPO. The hype was exceptional, including blanket media coverage. n the US, only a person deeply uninterested in business could have been unaware of the historic nature of the offering.

The first inkling of concern came when final share allotments were announced. The way the game is played, underwriters try to drum up investor demand well in excess of supply. In return investors submit requests for more shares than they actually want, expecting to be cut back to something close to the right amount.

So when investors learnt that their allotments weren’t cut back, they instantly knew two things: they were holding more shares than they wanted and buyers would be few and far between.The result was a classic rush for the exit, driving down prices.

Morgan Stanley has to shoulder the lion’s share of responsibility. It took a very big fee for its service, reportedly in the $100 million range. With the IPO coming off so poorly, that fee looks more than a tad rich in hindsight.

Of course it didn’t help that the Nasdaq exchange had problems – still essentially unexplained – that resulted in potentially devastating delays in confirming early trades.

Funny that the Nasdaq system couldn’t handle what seems to be a routine, albeit large listing. It may have been a simple glitch but with such a prominent internet company, one has to wonder whether there was something akin to hacking going on.

Less obvious but potentially more important is the role Facebook itself played in the pricing. It had enjoyed remarkable growth and had confidence to match.

Facebook worked on its IPO for the last year, reportedly preparing the principal offer document even before selecting its bankers.

When the company conducted a beauty contest to select underwriters, it’s pretty clear who was in the driver’s seat. Although a fee in the $100 million range sounds like a nice payday for Morgan Stanley, that was actually a big cutback from the fee that a more ordinary company would have paid.

A typical IPO commission in the US is close to 7 per cent, which on a $16 billion deal would have meant over $1 billion to divide among Morgan Stanley and its peers. The message to the bankers was clear: they were lucky to be selected.

With Facebook in such a strong position, the company had a lot of influence over pricing. Even if Morgan Stanley had some concerns about the $38 price, it would have been extraordinarily hard to say, “Cut the price or the deal’s off,” and risk losing a $100 million fee.

Whether you blame Facebook for increasing the size of the stock offering at the last moment or Morgan Stanley for misreading demand or not standing up to its client, they both put their names behind a $38 price tag. That was the very top of the proposed range, showing just how confident they were right up to the last moment.

Unfortunately there’s no do-over for an IPO. No matter what’s going on in the business, a disappointing IPO story takes on a momentum of its own.

For the time being losing investor money is part of Facebook’s image. Regaining credibility may be even more difficult because the company has been relying on its potential, not its history. Facebook simply doesn’t have a track record to justify its valuation. Changing the market’s momentum will take time and sustained, incremental success. So the company faces more pressure than ever to hit its ambitious quarterly marks.

The most intriguing thing about Facebook’s debut is not what it says about Facebook but what it says about the sharemarket more broadly. Facebook traded down not on bad news but on lack of demand. The seemingly unlimited potential of internet technology to create wealth has its sceptics.

Waiting for the other shoe to drop

Financial Review

PUBLISHED: May 19, 2012

Anna Bernasek 

Judging by the reaction to JPMorgan Chase’s $US2 billion trading loss, you’d think America’s leading bank had just gone bust.

Prominent politicians, policymakers and commentators have piled in on Jamie Dimon, the bank’s chief executive, with lots of finger wagging and “I told you so”. Ina Drew, a top executive with a seemingly spotless 30-year trading history has abruptly resigned. And everybody is investigating the bank: the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Department of Justice, even the FBI.

Suddenly, the mighty bank that could do no wrong finds itself under the microscope as shareholders, officials and the public want answers.

Meanwhile Dimon, the erstwhile king of Wall Street, is taking it on the chin. “Anyone in business knows you always make mistakes,” he said on Meet the Press. “And so this is a terrible mistake, I’m not making excuses for that, but I know we’re going to make mistakes. When you’re in this kind of job, you hope they are small and few and far between. This one was far too big.”

It all seems a bit puzzling. Why would a $US2 billion markdown of a trading position – apparently a purely notional loss at this point – provoke so much hand-wringing for a bank with assets a thousand times greater, an incredible $2.3 trillion? That’s a 10th of a per cent for goodness sake.

The unit at the centre of the controversy, known as the Chief Investment Office, alone oversaw $356 billion of securities. A $2 billion loss on a portfolio that size amounts to a mere half a per cent.

So why is Dimon, not known as a shrinking violet, letting himself get pushed around?

The answer, it seems, is that this isn’t about the gross numbers. What’s going on both inside and outside the bank has a lot more to do with what the loss signals than the relative size of the loss.

While the $2 billion trading loss is tiny in comparison with the bank’s total assets, it’s more material in relation to its profits. Last year, JPMorgan earned $19 billion in net income so $2 billion is in the order of a 10 per cent hit.

And the position isn’t closed, so the loss could change in size. Depending on how the trade plays out, it’s thought that JPMorgan could lose as much as $4 billion.

Then there’s the fact that this department within the bank was never supposed to lose money. It was billed as a hedging unit created solely to manage the bank’s exposure to complicated transactions.

The whole philosophy behind the Chief Investment Office was to protect the bank against trades that were volatile or extremely risky. So there’s a sense of false advertising or deception that a unit that was supposed to protect the bank actually went out on a limb and hurt it.

Troublingly, the incident shows that the very people in charge of keeping the bank safe couldn’t resist the temptation to gamble.

It’s hard to tell whether the type of trade at issue was proper or flawed from the outset. But it looks certain that the size of the bet got out of hand. Years ago traders used to say: “Pigs get fat, but hogs get slaughtered.”

What happened to internal risk controls? Just as things started to look shaky, executives in the trading unit changed the rules internally on risk reporting. We’ll have to wait to find out if that was a coincidence, or something less innocent.

Perhaps the worst part of all this for Dimon is that it shows management had no handle on the situation. At first he called it a tempest in a teapot. By the time Dimon realised there was a real problem it was too late to do anything about it. One has to wonder what else he doesn’t know about the bank’s machinations.

The biggest problem for JPMorgan Chase may be yet to come. With regulators now scrutinising the bank, officials may find that rules were broken. In particular, investigators want to know whether the bank reported risk appropriately and disclosed that to the public. The issues aren’t always black and white, but that can cut both ways. Especially when public opinion is against you.

Dimon himself hasn’t ruled out bigger problems. Asked whether the bank broke any laws he said: “We had audit, legal, risk, compliance, some of our best people looked into all that. We know we were sloppy. We know we were stupid. We know that there was bad judgment. We don’t know if any of that is true yet. Of course, regulators should look at something like this. It’s their job. We are totally open kimono with regulators. And they will come to their own conclusion and we intend to fix it, learn from it and be a better company when it’s done.”

There may be another shoe to drop before this is all over.

Integrity comes before loyalty

Financial Review

PUBLISHED: 12 May 2012

Anna Bernasek 

America’s legendary cowboy humourist Will Rogers discerned three types of people.

For every one person who learns by reading, a few more learn by observation. The rest, a vast majority, have to pee on the electric fence to find out for themselves.

If Rogers were alive today he’d have some pert things to say about our latest wave of corporate scandals. There seems to be a never-ending supply of companies that engage in lawbreaking and then try to cover it up. Judging from past experience, that rarely ends well and someone always gets hurt.

Three otherwise impressive global companies are currently being investigated for wrongdoing and corporate cover-ups.

News Corporation hacked phones in Britain. Walmart bribed officials in Mexico, and Google purloined private data from millions of unsuspecting Americans.

In each case the companies involved were quick to blame rogue individuals or put it down to isolated cases. Further digging eventually indicated that wasn’t quite true; that the blame was more widespread. Yet rather than come clean, the companies have dragged their feet, hoping the stories will just go away.

The trouble is, any big company relies on the trust of lots of people to function. When that trust is undermined by a scandal, rebuilding trust should be the top priority, but again and again we see executives at a variety of levels avoiding the steps needed to put things right.

The ultimate responsibility for regaining widespread trust lies uniquely with the chief executive. When that doesn’t happen, it raises an issue of fundamental competence. Whether or not you believe that Rupert Murdoch, the head of News Corporation, is a fit person, it’s clear that he’s lost the trust of the British government.

In Google’s case the engineer at the centre of the personal data theft has pleaded the fifth amendment – his right to refuse to answer any questions. The fifth amendment applies, of course, only when there is a concern about a criminal conviction. According to official reports, others at Google were involved. So management’s initial hasty response isn’t looking too persuasive.

In News Corporation’s case, the board was quick – perhaps too quick – to express its confidence in Murdoch.

The Walmart and Google boards don’t seem overly concerned, either. That’s because the boards are pretty well insulated from responsibility. The worst that can happen to directors, generally, is to quietly retire from the board.

Not so for employees down the chain. There have already been arrests of News Corporation employees and there could be more. So some lessons to learn from corporate scandals apply to junior employees and mid-level executives; anyone, in fact, below the board of directors level.

Finding yourself looking at a nascent corporate scandal in the workplace can be pretty daunting. But bad things happen at companies, even really good ones, every day.

If you suspect illegal activity at your company or are asked to do something that feels wrong, how should you handle it?

The textbook response is to never do anything that you wouldn’t want to be publicised. But life is more complicated than that. It’s no simple thing to accuse your company of impropriety. Quitting or going to the authorities are not easy choices, either. In the current lousy job market one has to think twice before making waves on the job.

So in the spirit of making the best of a bad situation, here are a few ideas for junior executives to navigate their way around their next corporate crisis.

First and foremost, investigate the options. There’s usually a legal way to accomplish almost any legitimate goal. Breaking the law isn’t too bright when there are so many good alternatives. There’s never only one way to proceed.

Be sure to seek advice. Judgments about legal propriety can involve subtleties. Most companies have resources, in the legal department and elsewhere, that will be happy to assist in thinking through a smart course of action.

Ask questions. A really good one is: “Why are we doing this?” It’s not accusatory, but it’s not complicit either.

And never – never – get your own hands dirty. If something doesn’t smell right to you, either challenge it or work out how to gracefully step away.

Once you take part, even in a small way, there’s no saving you. As we’ve seen in previous scandals, the board of directors will simply wash its hands while employees, often after simply trying to please their bosses, take the fall.

In life there are some things money can’t buy. Your integrity is one of them. So manage your reputation like the valuable asset it is.

If the culture at your company is dishonest, eventually you’ll have to make a change. Sticking with it is a recipe for disaster.

Don’t pee on the electric fence!

Walmart case trashes US brand

Financial Review 

PUBLISHED: 05 May 2012

 Anna Bernasek

Every once in a while a business scandal takes your breath away. The discount retailer Walmart, the largest corporate employer in the world, is reported to have systematically paid bribes to Mexican officials to facilitate its rapid expansion.

By American standards that’s pretty shocking. Since 1977 it’s been illegal for US companies to bribe foreign government officials, and virtually every significant US company has a compliance program designed to stop that happening. For most, compliance with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) is practically a given.

But apparently not at Walmart. If the reports are true, there was an organised approach to bribing Mexican officials in connection with Walmart’s dramatic expansion there. It seems that company records establish the amounts, times and other details. Which in itself is bad enough.

But it gets worse. Reports said the matter was referred to the highest levels of Walmart where a full investigation was shut down in favour of a quick whitewash.

The details of Walmart’s bribery scandal were revealed in The New York Times late last month and the company is now under federal investigation. Whether or not the government will prosecute Walmart remains to be seen, but the case turns a spotlight on the law and its significance.

There’s always been a temptation for aggressive companies to bribe governments in countries where the rule of law is not robust, because that approach is cheap and effective in the short term. While the ultimate benefits of cutting down on corruption are likely to be widespread, the near-term costs of doing the right thing tend to fall on specific companies and individuals. If not paying a bribe means losing a deal, that creates a lot of pressure.

Yet for years corruption has been one of the biggest obstacles to economic development in places like Africa, Asia and South America. That doesn’t just hurt the developing world. It also hurts companies and countries in the developed world that trade with corrupt regimes, in effect putting a drag on the global economy.

So when the FCPA was introduced during Jimmy Carter’s presidency it was a breakthrough.

The FCPA certainly wasn’t in the short-term interest of American companies back then and there was considerable opposition to the law from the corporate sector. Companies said they would not be able to compete with other nations such as Japan, Germany and France which didn’t face the same restrictions against bribery.

Legislators took a long view. They believed that American leadership on an important integrity issue would eventually become the global standard.

And they were right. When the OECD countries adopted the convention on combating bribery of foreign officials in 1997, they were finally coming up to the standard set by the US. Australia passed its own anti-corruption law modelled on the FCPA in 1999.

The FCPA was a down payment leading to investments in integrity around the world. At the time, the US was truly a global leader and had the confidence to take justified actions even if there was a short-term domestic cost. And after all, isn’t that what integrity is all about?

It’s hard to imagine that Congress would pass the FCPA today. With concerns about the economy, debt and taxation running high, taking a far-sighted approach to global leadership is not on the agenda.

Once the laws are in place, though, it all comes down to enforcement. In recent years, the US has stepped up its policing of the FCPA. In 2004, there were two cases of criminal enforcement. By 2010, there were 48. Currently, there are perhaps 100 cases open.

Which brings us back to Walmart, a huge, successful and influential company in the US. It occupies a position of prestige. As a company slogan says, its policy is to “get the right results, the right way”.
But befitting its famously hard-nosed style, Walmart has its share of detractors. In recent years, it has come under attack for its treatment of employees, fierce opposition to unions and impact on the environment.

So reports of systematic bribery in Mexico, apparently conceived by top management and condoned by the chief executive, look positively radioactive.

That’s because under US law an FCPA violation is a crime, plain and simple. That’s not to say that corruption never happens in other ways, but it generally isn’t so black and white. By the time your lawyers tell you that you have a problem, as they are reported to have done at Walmart, it’s too late to just close your eyes.

Walmart faces a pretty big challenge. Even if the government decides not to prosecute it under the FCPA, a Securities and Exchange Commission enforcement looks likely based on record-keeping and reporting violations. It seems as if Walmart won’t escape without significant consequences.

And I owe it all to my Alma Mater

Financial Review

 PUBLISHED: 28 Apr 2012 

Anna Bernasek

It’s graduation time in the United States. On college campuses across the country, students and parents are celebrating the end of four years of university, and the beginning of adulthood.

So after 22 years I’m visiting Ann Arbor, Michigan, this weekend to give a commencement speech at my Alma Mater, the University of Michigan.

Ann Arbor is one of America’s great college towns. The university was founded in 1817 in Detroit and moved to Ann Arbor 20 years later. The central campus grew around a vast lawn known as the “Diag” and the town and campus developed together so that there’s not much distinction between the two.

The university enrolls about 40,000 students and at this time of year Ann Arbor’s restaurants, bars and cafes are happily bursting at the seams.

Not too much has changed on campus over the years. At least, that’s how it appears. Yet for students today there’s an important difference you can’t see. Graduates are leaving Michigan with far more debt than at any other time in history. In the US, student debt isn’t like most consumer debt. Even in bankruptcy it stays with you. There’s no way to get out of it.

When I graduated in 1990, the average debt for graduating college seniors nationwide was about $US10,000 in today’s dollars. By 2010 it hit $US25,250, according to the Project on Student Debt. That means in a little over two decades average debt for college students more than doubled in real terms.

The aggregate figures are alarming. At the end of last month, officials at the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau released a new study that found outstanding student debt surpassed $US1 trillion last year.

The latest student debt figure is much higher than previous estimates. Earlier this year the Federal Reserve Bank of New York estimated outstanding student debt at $US870 billion. The NY Fed also estimated that 15 per cent of Americans, or 37 million people, have outstanding student loans.

Not long ago that included President Barack Obama and his wife, Michelle. This week, turning student debt into a campaign issue, Obama told a crowd of students at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, that he and his wife only paid off their student loans eight years ago. They both completed graduate degrees in law at Harvard University.

Obama has urged Congress to extend legislation on federal student loans that is due to expire in July, affecting more than 7 million students. In 2007, president George W. Bush signed a bill that cut interest rates on federal student loans in half from 6.8 per cent to 3.4 per cent until 2012. Unless Congress extends the law, those rates will revert back to 6.8 per cent.

The $US1 trillion estimate for outstanding student loans raises the prospect of a bubble in student debt. But that misses the mark. At the same time that debt rose, the cost of going to college soared and the benefits from a college degree shrunk. With high youth unemployment for college students and stagnant wages it may be more appropriate to talk about the bubble in higher education costs.

In 1990-91, the annual cost of going to a public university was $US8403 in today’s dollars, according to the National Centre for Education Statistics. That included tuition, room and board. By 2009-10, the yearly cost had risen to $US14, 870.

The cost increase is even worse for private institutions. In 1990-91 a private college cost, on average, $US21,218 a year. By 2009-10 it had risen to $US32,475. Of course, that’s just an average. Tuition, room and board at some private colleges and universities reaches $US60,000.

The most disturbing part of ballooning student loans, though, is that the pay-off isn’t as obvious. It used to be that a college degree pretty much guaranteed a good job. That isn’t the case any more.
Inflation-adjusted hourly wages of college-educated men in their 20s fell 5.2 per cent from 2007 to 2011 and had been falling even before the recession hit, according to the Economic Policy Institute.

College-educated women have experienced a similar decline in earnings, about 4.4 per cent during the recession and 1.6 per cent between 2000 and 2007.

Then there’s the increasing likelihood of no job at all. The unemployment rate for young college graduates is 9.1 per cent, the highest rate in recent history.

For now, there’s no sign that college fees will stop rising. At this rate, I’m guessing that by the time my daughters (ages nine and five) go to college, the cost at top private universities will hit $US100,000 a year.

Many ageing baby boomers can recall a time when college education was free. Before 1970, tuition at the University of California cost exactly zero. Perhaps it’s just a coincidence, but that generation built a cultural and economic dynamo in California that’s the envy of the world.
I wonder what they would have produced with a trillion dollars of student debt hanging over their heads.